The Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-3 (Russian: Микоян и Гуревич МиГ-3) was a Soviet fighter aircraft of World War II. It was a development of the MiG-1 by the OKO (opytno-konstrooktorskiy otdel — Experimental Design Department) of zavod (factory) No.1 to fix the issues that had been encountered seen over its development and deployment cycle.
Development
Mikoyan and Gurevich made a large number of modifications to the MiG-1 design following both field use and research in the T-1 wind tunnel belonging to the Central Aero and Hydrodynamics Institute (TsAGI). These changes were mostly done piecemeal on the assembly line.
These changes included:
* Moving the engine forward 100 mm (4 in) which improved stability.
* Increase the outer wingpanel dihedral by one degree which also increased stability.
* Introduction of a new water radiator (OP-310), which allows for an additional 250 l (66 US gal) fuel tank.
* Adding an additional oil tank under the engine.
* Venting and piping exhaust gas into the fuel tanks to reduce fire in case of enemy fire.
* Adding 8 mm armor behind the pilot (increased to 9 mm in later models).
* Streamlining supercharger intakes.
* Strengthening the main landing gear.
* Increasing the size of the main wheels to 650 x 200 mm (25.5 x 7.87 in).
* Improved canopy, which improved views to the rear and allowed for the installation of a shelf behind the pilot for an RSI-1 radio (later upgraded to an RSI-4).
* Redesign of the instrument panel.
* Upgrade of the PBP-1 gunsight to the PBP-1A gunsight.
* Increase in ammo load for the ShKAS guns to 750 rpg.
* Additional underwing hardpoints added to carry up to 220 kg (485 lb) of bombs, spray containers or 8 RS-82 unguided rockets.
The first aircraft to see all of these changes applied to them was I-200 No.04, which was the fourth prototype of the I-200, which later became the MiG-1. It first flew in late October 1940. Following its successful first flight it was then passed to VVS (Voyenno-voz-dooshnyye seely - Military Air Forces) for State trials.
During this testing, NKAP (Narodnyy komissariat aviatsionnoy promyshlennosti - People's Ministry of the Aircraft Industry) announced that the three zavods building the MiG-3 at the time would be required to build a total of 3,600 in 1941.
Operational history
The first production MiG-3 rolled off the assembly line on 20 December 1940. By March 1941, 10 of these aircraft were coming off the production line every day. It was not long before the type would see combat, claiming a pair of German Junkers Ju 86 reconnaissance aircraft even before the start of hostilities between Germany and the Soviet Union.
By the time of Operation Barbarossa, over 1,200 MiG-3s had been delivered.
During initial testing of production aircraft was found to be inferior to the MiG-1 due to its weight increase, and fuel consumption was well over what Mikoyan and Gurevich were promised by the manufacturer (zavod No.24), but the fuel consumption was actually found to be an issue with the testing of the aircraft and the failure to take into account altitude correction. Mikoyan and Gurevich went as far as arranging for two more flights between Leningrad and Moscow to prove the MiG-3 could fly 1,000 km (621 mi).
However that was not the end of the issues that the MiG-3 encountered during its deployment. Several MiG-3s produced were found to have unacceptable performance at altitude due to oil and fuel pressure. It was also found that pilots attempted to fly the MiG-3 as if it were an earlier aircraft (especially the forgiving Polikarpov I-15, I-153 and I-16s), which led to several other problems. Soon new oil and fuel pumps were introduced as well as attempts at better pilot training to familiarize them with the MiG-3.
Over the next two years of the MiG-3, several new changes made it into production, including up-gunning to UBS machine guns and ShVAK cannons.
Due to the conditions of battle with the German forces, the MiG-3 was forced into a low altitude and even a ground-attack role, but it was quickly found to be inferior, and withdrawn from this role. The death knell for the MiG-3 was the discontinuation of its AM-35 engine so that Mikulin could concentrate on AM-38 production for the Ilyushin Il-2 Shturmovik. It was eventually used as a reconnaissance plane — its high service ceiling of 13,500 m (44,291 ft) and fast high altitude speed made well suited for such a role.
Even with the MiG-3's limitations, Aleksandr Pokryshkin, the second leading Soviet ace of the war with 59 official victories, recorded most of those victories while flying a MiG-3.
On 3 December 1941, a Ukrainian defector flew a MiG-3 to Melitopol airfield and surrendered to Romanian troops. The pilot's aircraft was repainted in Romanian markings and flown at Brasov by Captain 'Bazu' Cantacuzino, one of Romania's top pilots, and used as an "aggressor" for training purposes. The Soviets later seized this aircraft in the early fall of 1944, following Romania's break away from the German Alliance. This aircraft was known to have been seen in at least two different paint schemes during the time it was in the hands of Captain Cantacuzino.
Variants
Throughout the rest of the war, Mikoyan and Gurevich continued to develop the MiG-3 along the high-altitude interceptor lines that it had originally been designed for, which led to a series of ever-larger and more powerful prototypes, serially designated from the I-220 to the I-225[2]. (Some sources mistakenly assign the MiG-7 designation to one of these aircraft.) While promising enough, the air war over Germany was demonstrating that the heyday of the piston-engined fighter was over, and no production order followed.
There were several attempts to re-engine the aircraft with the engine it was originally designed for, the AM-37. This was designated the MiG-7, but with production of this engine ceasing as well, the project stalled.[3] From spring-1942 onwards, the MiG-3's were moved from the front line to air defence squadrons, some of which flew them for the rest of the war. One final attempt made to save the aircraft was to re-engine it with a Shvetsov ASh-82 radial engine, the same engine that had been used to create the Lavochkin La-5 from the LaGG-3. The prototypes were designated I-210 and I-211, and the result was successful enough that production was considered under the designation MiG-9 (not to be confused with the later jet). However, the La-5 was already in production and the I-211 did not offer the air force anything that it did not already have in that aircraft. Some MiG-9 airframes were even tested with the Pratt & Whitney R-2800-63 engine.
Two final prototypes, the I-230 and I-231[4], attempted to make the most of the original MiG-3 and its engine by considerably lightening the aircraft, but with the type relegated to secondary units, the Soviet air force was simply not interested.
* MiG-3 : Single-seat interceptor fighter aircraft, powered by a 1,007 kW (1,350 hp) Mikulin AM-35A piston engine.
* I-210 : MiG-3 prototype powered by a Shvetsov ASh-82 radial piston engine. Also known as the MiG-3-82.
* I-211 : MiG-3 prototype powered by a Shvetsov radial piston engine.
* MiG-3U : This was another MiG-3 prototype, powered by a 1,007 kW (1,350 hp) Mikulin AM-35A piston engine.
Survivors
In May 2007, a restored MiG-3 flew at Novosibirsk, Siberia. As of July 2007[update], the aircraft had completed 12 flights. In August 2007, the restored plane (number white 17 painted in green-brown camouflage) flew a six-minute aerobatics routine on the third day of MAKS 2007 airshow.
Operators
Soviet Union
Soviet Air Force
Specifications (Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-3)
Data from MiG: Fifty Years of Secret Aircraft Design
General characteristics
* Crew: One
* Length: 8.25 m (27 ft 1 in)
* Wingspan: 10.20 m (33 ft 5 in)
* Height: 3.30 m (10 ft 9⅞ in)
* Wing area: 17.44 m² (188 ft²)
* Airfoil: Clark YH
* Empty weight: 2,699 kg (5,965 lb)
* Loaded weight: 3,355 kg (7,415 lb)
* Powerplant: 1× Mikulin AM-35A liquid-cooled V-12, 993 kW (1,350 hp)
Performance
* Maximum speed: 640 km/h (398 mph, 346 knots) at 7,800 m (25,600 ft)
* Maximum speed at sea level : 505 km/h (314 mph, 273 knots)
* Combat range: 820 km (510 mi,443 NM)
* Service ceiling: 12,000 m (39,400 ft)
* Wing loading: 155 kg/m² (39.3 lb/ft²)
* Power/mass: 0.30 kW/kg (0.18 hp/lb)
* Climb to 8,000 m (26,250 ft): 10.28 min
Armament
* 1 × 12.7 mm UBS machine gun
* 2 × 7.62 mm ShKAS machine guns.
* Weight of round 1.44 kg (3.17 lb). The UBS used high explosive PETN ammunition. Some MiG-3's had 2 × UBK guns under the wings, but this negatively affected flight performance.
* 2 × 100 kg (220 lb) bombs, 2 spray containers for poisons, gas or flammable liquids or 6 × 82 mm RS-82 rockets
Development
Mikoyan and Gurevich made a large number of modifications to the MiG-1 design following both field use and research in the T-1 wind tunnel belonging to the Central Aero and Hydrodynamics Institute (TsAGI). These changes were mostly done piecemeal on the assembly line.
These changes included:
* Moving the engine forward 100 mm (4 in) which improved stability.
* Increase the outer wingpanel dihedral by one degree which also increased stability.
* Introduction of a new water radiator (OP-310), which allows for an additional 250 l (66 US gal) fuel tank.
* Adding an additional oil tank under the engine.
* Venting and piping exhaust gas into the fuel tanks to reduce fire in case of enemy fire.
* Adding 8 mm armor behind the pilot (increased to 9 mm in later models).
* Streamlining supercharger intakes.
* Strengthening the main landing gear.
* Increasing the size of the main wheels to 650 x 200 mm (25.5 x 7.87 in).
* Improved canopy, which improved views to the rear and allowed for the installation of a shelf behind the pilot for an RSI-1 radio (later upgraded to an RSI-4).
* Redesign of the instrument panel.
* Upgrade of the PBP-1 gunsight to the PBP-1A gunsight.
* Increase in ammo load for the ShKAS guns to 750 rpg.
* Additional underwing hardpoints added to carry up to 220 kg (485 lb) of bombs, spray containers or 8 RS-82 unguided rockets.
The first aircraft to see all of these changes applied to them was I-200 No.04, which was the fourth prototype of the I-200, which later became the MiG-1. It first flew in late October 1940. Following its successful first flight it was then passed to VVS (Voyenno-voz-dooshnyye seely - Military Air Forces) for State trials.
During this testing, NKAP (Narodnyy komissariat aviatsionnoy promyshlennosti - People's Ministry of the Aircraft Industry) announced that the three zavods building the MiG-3 at the time would be required to build a total of 3,600 in 1941.
Operational history
The first production MiG-3 rolled off the assembly line on 20 December 1940. By March 1941, 10 of these aircraft were coming off the production line every day. It was not long before the type would see combat, claiming a pair of German Junkers Ju 86 reconnaissance aircraft even before the start of hostilities between Germany and the Soviet Union.
By the time of Operation Barbarossa, over 1,200 MiG-3s had been delivered.
During initial testing of production aircraft was found to be inferior to the MiG-1 due to its weight increase, and fuel consumption was well over what Mikoyan and Gurevich were promised by the manufacturer (zavod No.24), but the fuel consumption was actually found to be an issue with the testing of the aircraft and the failure to take into account altitude correction. Mikoyan and Gurevich went as far as arranging for two more flights between Leningrad and Moscow to prove the MiG-3 could fly 1,000 km (621 mi).
However that was not the end of the issues that the MiG-3 encountered during its deployment. Several MiG-3s produced were found to have unacceptable performance at altitude due to oil and fuel pressure. It was also found that pilots attempted to fly the MiG-3 as if it were an earlier aircraft (especially the forgiving Polikarpov I-15, I-153 and I-16s), which led to several other problems. Soon new oil and fuel pumps were introduced as well as attempts at better pilot training to familiarize them with the MiG-3.
Over the next two years of the MiG-3, several new changes made it into production, including up-gunning to UBS machine guns and ShVAK cannons.
Due to the conditions of battle with the German forces, the MiG-3 was forced into a low altitude and even a ground-attack role, but it was quickly found to be inferior, and withdrawn from this role. The death knell for the MiG-3 was the discontinuation of its AM-35 engine so that Mikulin could concentrate on AM-38 production for the Ilyushin Il-2 Shturmovik. It was eventually used as a reconnaissance plane — its high service ceiling of 13,500 m (44,291 ft) and fast high altitude speed made well suited for such a role.
Even with the MiG-3's limitations, Aleksandr Pokryshkin, the second leading Soviet ace of the war with 59 official victories, recorded most of those victories while flying a MiG-3.
On 3 December 1941, a Ukrainian defector flew a MiG-3 to Melitopol airfield and surrendered to Romanian troops. The pilot's aircraft was repainted in Romanian markings and flown at Brasov by Captain 'Bazu' Cantacuzino, one of Romania's top pilots, and used as an "aggressor" for training purposes. The Soviets later seized this aircraft in the early fall of 1944, following Romania's break away from the German Alliance. This aircraft was known to have been seen in at least two different paint schemes during the time it was in the hands of Captain Cantacuzino.
Variants
Throughout the rest of the war, Mikoyan and Gurevich continued to develop the MiG-3 along the high-altitude interceptor lines that it had originally been designed for, which led to a series of ever-larger and more powerful prototypes, serially designated from the I-220 to the I-225[2]. (Some sources mistakenly assign the MiG-7 designation to one of these aircraft.) While promising enough, the air war over Germany was demonstrating that the heyday of the piston-engined fighter was over, and no production order followed.
There were several attempts to re-engine the aircraft with the engine it was originally designed for, the AM-37. This was designated the MiG-7, but with production of this engine ceasing as well, the project stalled.[3] From spring-1942 onwards, the MiG-3's were moved from the front line to air defence squadrons, some of which flew them for the rest of the war. One final attempt made to save the aircraft was to re-engine it with a Shvetsov ASh-82 radial engine, the same engine that had been used to create the Lavochkin La-5 from the LaGG-3. The prototypes were designated I-210 and I-211, and the result was successful enough that production was considered under the designation MiG-9 (not to be confused with the later jet). However, the La-5 was already in production and the I-211 did not offer the air force anything that it did not already have in that aircraft. Some MiG-9 airframes were even tested with the Pratt & Whitney R-2800-63 engine.
Two final prototypes, the I-230 and I-231[4], attempted to make the most of the original MiG-3 and its engine by considerably lightening the aircraft, but with the type relegated to secondary units, the Soviet air force was simply not interested.
* MiG-3 : Single-seat interceptor fighter aircraft, powered by a 1,007 kW (1,350 hp) Mikulin AM-35A piston engine.
* I-210 : MiG-3 prototype powered by a Shvetsov ASh-82 radial piston engine. Also known as the MiG-3-82.
* I-211 : MiG-3 prototype powered by a Shvetsov radial piston engine.
* MiG-3U : This was another MiG-3 prototype, powered by a 1,007 kW (1,350 hp) Mikulin AM-35A piston engine.
Survivors
In May 2007, a restored MiG-3 flew at Novosibirsk, Siberia. As of July 2007[update], the aircraft had completed 12 flights. In August 2007, the restored plane (number white 17 painted in green-brown camouflage) flew a six-minute aerobatics routine on the third day of MAKS 2007 airshow.
Operators
Soviet Union
Soviet Air Force
Specifications (Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-3)
Data from MiG: Fifty Years of Secret Aircraft Design
General characteristics
* Crew: One
* Length: 8.25 m (27 ft 1 in)
* Wingspan: 10.20 m (33 ft 5 in)
* Height: 3.30 m (10 ft 9⅞ in)
* Wing area: 17.44 m² (188 ft²)
* Airfoil: Clark YH
* Empty weight: 2,699 kg (5,965 lb)
* Loaded weight: 3,355 kg (7,415 lb)
* Powerplant: 1× Mikulin AM-35A liquid-cooled V-12, 993 kW (1,350 hp)
Performance
* Maximum speed: 640 km/h (398 mph, 346 knots) at 7,800 m (25,600 ft)
* Maximum speed at sea level : 505 km/h (314 mph, 273 knots)
* Combat range: 820 km (510 mi,443 NM)
* Service ceiling: 12,000 m (39,400 ft)
* Wing loading: 155 kg/m² (39.3 lb/ft²)
* Power/mass: 0.30 kW/kg (0.18 hp/lb)
* Climb to 8,000 m (26,250 ft): 10.28 min
Armament
* 1 × 12.7 mm UBS machine gun
* 2 × 7.62 mm ShKAS machine guns.
* Weight of round 1.44 kg (3.17 lb). The UBS used high explosive PETN ammunition. Some MiG-3's had 2 × UBK guns under the wings, but this negatively affected flight performance.
* 2 × 100 kg (220 lb) bombs, 2 spray containers for poisons, gas or flammable liquids or 6 × 82 mm RS-82 rockets
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